Optimization of electrocoagulation operating parameters for COD removal from olive mill wastewater: application of Box-Behnken design

Authors

  • Fatima Erraib Research Laboratory of Applied Geophysics, Geotechnics, Engineering Geology and Environment (L3GIE), Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs B.P 765 Agdal 10100 Rabat, Morocco
  • Khalid El Ass

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc93191011240kea

Abstract

Box–Behnken response surface design was successfully employed to optimize and study the olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment by electrocoagulation (EC) process. The influence of four decisive factors were modelled and optimized to increase the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The Box–Behnken design (BBD) results were analyzed and the second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple regression analysis. The model developed from the experimental design was predictive and a good fit with the experimental data with a high coefficient of determination (R2 ) value (more than 0.98). The optimal operating conditions based on Derringer’s desired function methodology are found to be; initial pH of 4.4, a current density of 27.6 mA/cm2 , electrolysis time of 14.1 min, and chloride concentration of 3.2 g/L. Under these conditions, the predicted COD removal efficiency was found to be 67.14% with a desirability value of 0.94. These experimental results were confirmed by validation experiments and proved that Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology could efficiently be applied for modelling of COD removal from OMW.

Author Biography

Khalid El Ass

Environmental Metrology Laboratory (EML), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat (ENSMR), BP: 753 Agdal-Rabat, Morocco

References

- P. Vossen, Growing olives for oil, In: Handbook of olive oil; Analysis and properties, Ed. by R. Aparicio and J. Harwood; Springer publications: New York, 2013, pp. 19–56.

- A. El-Abbassi, H. Kiai, A. Hafidi, Phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of olive mill wastewater, Food Chemistry, 2012, 132, 406–412.

- R. Andreozzia, M. Canterinoa, I.D. Sommaa, R.L. Giudiceb, R. Marottaa, G. Pintob, A. Polliob, Effect of combined physico-chemical processes on the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewaters, Water research, 2008, 42, 1684– 1692.

- S. Babic, O. Malev, M. Pflieger, A.T. Lebedev, D.M. Mazur, A. Kuzic, R. CozRakovac, P. Trebse, Toxicity evaluation of olive oil mill wastewater and its polar fraction using multiple whole-organism bioassays, Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 686, 903–914.

J.M. Ochando-Pulido, A. Martinez-Ferez, Experimental design optimization of reverse osmosis purification of pretreated olive mill wastewater, Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 587–588, 414–422.

- J.R. Guido Greco, G. Toscana, M. Coffin, L. Gianfreda, F. Sannino, Dephenolisation of olive mill wastewaters by olive husk, Wat. Res., 1999, 33, 3046–3050.

- D. Bouknana, B. Hammouti, R. Salghi, S. Jodehe, A. Zarrouk, I. Warad, A. Aouniti, M. Sbaa, Physicochemical Characterization of Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters in the eastern region of Morocco, J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2014, 5 (4), 1039–1058.

- J.M. Ochando-Pulido, S. Pimentel-Moral, V. Verardo, A. Martinez-Ferez, A focus on advanced physico-chemical processes for olive mill wastewater treatment, Separation and Purification Technology, 2017, 179, 161–174.

- M. Hamdi, Thermoacidic precipitation of darkly coloured polyphenols of olive mill wastewaters, Environ Technol., 1993, 14, 495–9.

- M. Aggoun, R. Arhab, A. Cornu, J. Portelli, M. Barkat, B. Graulet, Olive mill wastewater microconstituents composition according to olive variety and extraction process, Food Chemistry, 2016, 209, 72–80.

- C. Belaid, M. Khadraoui, S. Mseddi, M. Kallel, B. Elleuch, J.F. Fauvarque, Electrochemical treatment of olive mill wastewater: Treatment extent and effluent phenolic compounds monitoring using some uncommon analytical tools, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013, 25 (1), 220–230.

- L. Davies, J. Novais, S. Martins-Dias, Influence of salts and phenolic compounds on olive mill wastewater detoxification using superabsorbent polymers, Bioresour. Technol., 2004, 95 (3), 259–268.

- P. Paraskeva, E. Diamadopoulos, Technologies for olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment: A review, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2006, 81, 475–1485.

- R. Borja, E. Sanchez, F. Raposo, B. Rincon, A.M. Jimenez, A. Martín, A study of the natural biodegradation of two-phase olive mil solid waste during its storage in an evaporation pond, Waste Manage., 2006, 26 (5), 477–486.

- A. Roig, M.L. Cayuela, M.A. SánchezMonedero, An overview on olive mil wastes and their valorisation methods, Waste Manage., 2006, 26, 960–969.

- C.J. McNamara, C.C. Anastasiou, V. O’Flaherty, R. Mitchell, Bioremediation of olive mill wastewater, Review, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2008, 61, 127–134.

- A. González-González, F. Cuadros, Effect of aerobic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater (OMWW): An ecoefficient treatment, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2015, 95, 339–345.

- B. Rincón, G. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, L. Bujalance, J. Fernández-Bolanos, R. Borja, Influence of a steam-explosion pretreatment on the methane yield and kinetics of anaerobic digestion of two-phase olive mil solid waste or alperujo, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2016, 102, 361–369.

- E.S. Aktas, S. Imre, L. Ersoy, Characterization and lime treatment of olive mill wastewater, Water Res., 2001, 35, 2336–2340.

- C.A. Santi, S. Cortes, L.P. D’Acqui, E. Sparvoli, B. Pushparaj, Reduction of organic pollutants in Olive Mill Wastewater by using different mineral substrates as adsorbents, Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99, 1945–1951.

- P. Galiatsatou, M. Metaxas, D. Arapoglou, V. Kasselouri-Rigopoulou, Treatment of olive mill wastewater with activated carbons from agricultural by-products, Waste Manage., 2002, 22, 803–812.

- K. Al-Malah, M.O.J. Azzam, N.I. Abu-Lail, Olive mills effluents (OME) wastewater posttreatment using activated clay, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2000, 20, 225–234.

- J.M. Ochando-Pulido, M.D. Víctor-Ortega, A. Martínez-Ferez, Membrane fouling insight during reverse osmosis purification of pretreated olive mill wastewater, Separation and Purification Technology, 2016, 168, 177–187.

- T. Coskun, E. Debik, N.M. Demir, Treatment of olive mill wastewater by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, Desalination, 2010, 259, 65–70.

- M. Gotsi, N. Kalogerakis, E. Psillakis, P. Samaras, D. Mantzavinos, Electrochemical oxidation of olive oil mill wastewaters, Water Research, 2005, 39, 4177–4187.

- U. Tezcan Un, U. Altay, A.S. Koparal, U.B. Ogutveren, Complete treatment of olive mill wastewaters by electro-oxidation, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 139, 445–452.

- N. Flores, P.L. Cabot, F. Centellas, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodríguez, E. Brillas, I. Sirés, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidation in sulfate and real olive oil mill wastewater by electrochemical advanced processes with a boron-doped diamond anode, J. Hazard. Mater., 2017, 321, 566–575.

- E. Butler, Y.T. Hung, R.Y.L. Yeh, M.S. Al Ahmad, Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment, Water, 2011, 3, 495–525.

- J.N. Hakizimana, B. Gourich, M. Chafi, Y. Stiriba, C. Vial, P. Drogui, J. Naja, Electrocoagulation process in water treatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches, Desalination, 2017, 404, 1–21.

- M.Y.A. Mollah, R. Schennach, J.R. Parga, D.L. Cocke, Electrocoagulation (EC)—science and applications, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2001, B84, 29–41.

- H. Inan, A. Dimoglo, H. Simsek, M. Karpuzcu, Olive oil mill wastewater treatment by means of electrocoagulation, Separ. Purif. Technol., 2004, 36, 23–31.

- F. Hanafi, O. Assobhei, M. Mountadar, Detoxification and discoloration of Moroccan olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 174, 807–812. 33- N. Adhoum, L. Monser, Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2004, 43, 1281–1287.

- U. Tezcan Un, S. Ugur, A.S. Koparal, U.B. Ogutveren, Electrocoagulation of olive mill wastewaters, Separation and Purification Technology, 2006, 52, 136–141.

- R.H. Myers, D.C. Montgomery, Response Surface Methodology: Product and Process Optimization Using Designed Experiments, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002. 36- J.P. Wang, Y.Z.Chen, Y. Wang, S.J. Yuan, H.Q. Yu, Optimization of the coagulation-flocculation process for pulp mill wastewater treatment using a combination of uniform design and response surface methodology, Water Res., 2011, 45(17), 5633-40.

- T. Bong-yul, T. Bong-sik, K. Young-ju, P. Yong-jin, Y. Young-hun, M. Gil-ho, Optimization of color and COD removal from livestock wastewater by electrocoagulation process: Application of Box–Behnken design (BBD), Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2015, 28, 307–315.

- A. Talebi, I. Norlil, A.F.M. Alkarkhi, T.T. Teng, Optimization of Coagulation Process for Landfill Leachate Pre-Treatment Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Journal of Sustainable Development, 2009, 2 (2), 159–167.

- American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed., APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington, DC, 1995.

- P.H. Holt, G.W. Barton, M. Wark, A.A. Mitchell, A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2002, 211, 233–248.

- M.M. Emamjomeh, M. Sivakumar, Review of Pollutants Removed by Electrocoagulation and Electrocoagulation/Flotation Processes, Journal of Environmental Management, 2009, 90, 1663–1679.

- H.A. Moreno-Casillas, D.L. Cocke, J.A.G. Gomesa, P. Morkovsky, J.R. Parga, E. Peterson, Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal, Separation and Purification Technology, 2007, 56, 204–211.

- G.H. Chen, Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2004, 38, 11–41.

- M. Rebhun, M. Lurie, Control of Organic Coagulation and Floc Separation, Water Science and Technology, 1993, 27(11), 1-20.

- J. Prakash Maran, S. Manikandan, Response surface modeling and optimization of process parameters for aqueous extraction of pigments from prickly pear (opuntia ficus-indica) fruit, Dyes and Pigments, 2012, 95, 465–472.

- C. M. Liyana-Pathirana, F. Shahidi, Optimization of extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat using response surface methodology, Food Chemistry, 2005, 93, 47–56.

- J. Segurola, N. S. Allen, M. Edge, A. M. Mahon, Design of eutectic photoinitiator blends for UV/visible curable acrylated printing inks and coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, 1999, 37, 23–37.

- P.K. Holt, G.W. Barton, C.A. Mitchell, The future for electrocoagulation as a localised water treatment technology, Chemosphere, 2005, 59, 355–367.

- J. Duan, J. Gregory, Coagulation by Hydrolysing Metal Salts, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2003, 100-102, 475–502.

- D.T. Moussa, M.H. El-Naas, M. Nasser, M.J. Al-Marri, A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges, review, Journal of Environmental Management, 2017, 186, 24–41.

- V. Khandegar, A.K. Saroha, Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent - a review, J. Environ. Manag., 2013, 128, 949–963.

- S. Gao, M. Du, J. Tian, J. Yang, J. Yang, F. Ma, J. Nan, Effects of Chloride Ions on Electrocoagulation-Flotation Process with Aluminum Electrodes for Algae Removal, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 182 (1-3), 827–834.

- M. Zaied, N. Bellakhala, Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from paper industry, J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 163, 995–1000. 54- C.T. Wang, W.L. Chou, Y.M. Kuo, Removal of COD from laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation / electroflotation, J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 164, 81–86.

Downloads

Published

2019-10-11

Issue

Section

Environmental Chemistry