Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of wastewater detected by the Allium test

Authors

  • Mokhtar Chaik Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie, Ecotoxicologie et assainissement, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP2390, Marrakech, Maroc
  • Sana El Fadeli Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie, Ecotoxicologie et assainissement, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP2390, Marrakech, Maroc
  • Azeddine Sedki Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie, Ecotoxicologie et assainissement, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP2390, Marrakech, Maroc
  • Nadra Lekouch Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologique, Département des Sciences de la vie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Béni Mellal, Université Moulay Ismail, BP 1796, Beni mellal, Maroc

Abstract

Screening for mutagens in complex environmental mixtures, such as industrial wastewater, is gradually being accepted as a routine method in environmental monitoring programs. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential toxic and genotoxic effects of Marrakesh’s CMR wastewater, collected from Draa Lasfar mine located about 12km south-West of the city of Marrakech, Morocco. The results from the Allium test indicate that wastewater at 100 % concentration inhibits root growth and mitotic indices; induces binucleated cells as a function of the proportion, but is not toxic at very low concentrations. Marrakesh's wastewater CMR leads to a decontrol in the cellular division, bringing about polyploid cells. In this work, we show the evidences that the exceeding genetical material of theses polyploidizated cells tend to be eliminated from the nucleus in the form of micronucleus. Our analyses prove this fact, both by the presence of a number of cells carrying a micronucleus, and by the evidences of the elimination of the exceeding material itself.The wastewater sample was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer for Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd, whose presence could partly be responsible for the toxicity of wastewater. The study concludes that the classical Allium test can give a more comprehensive data when done in combination with analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Also when wastewater is used for other purposes in combination with soils, it should be judiciously used at very low concentrations in order to protect the ecosystem health from any potential adverse effects.

References

-T. Merchichi, S. Sayadi, Proc. Biochem.,2005, 40, 139-145.

-B. El Alami, Contribution to the study of the antioxidant activity of phenolic fraction of vegetable. Thesis 3rd cycle, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, 2000, Rabat, Morocco.

-Jr. G. Greco, G. Toscanoa, M. Cioffi, L. Gianfreda, F. Sannino, Wat. Res., 1999, 33, 3046-3050.

-I. Fki, N. Allouche, S. Sayadi, Food Chem., 2005, 93, 197-204.

-D. Belpomme, P. Irigaray, L. Hardell, R. Clapp, L. Montagnier, S. Epstein, A. J. Sasco, Environ. Res., 2007, 105, 414-429.

-M. Landau-Ossondo, N. Rabia, J. Jos-Pelage, L. M. Marquet, Y. Isidore, M. Martin, P. Irigaray, D. Belpomme, Biomed. Pharmacother.,2009, 63, 383-395.

-D. El Mogazi, D. J. Lisk, L. H. Weinstein, Sci. Total. Environ.,1988, 74, 1-37.

-T. Watanabe, T. Hirayama, Journal of Health Science, 2001, 47, 433-438.

-A. G. Kungolos, C. A. Brebbia, C. P. Samaras, V. Popov,: Environ. Toxicol. Southampton, WIT Press, 2006, 362 pp.

-G. Fiskesjö, Hereditas, 1985, 102, 99–112.

-W. F. Grant, Cytogenetics studies of agricultural chemicals in plants. In Leck RA, Hollaender A, Editors. Genetic toxicology an agricultural perspective, Plenum Pres. New York, 1982, 335-378 p.

-J. Rank, Ekologiia, 2003, 38-42.

-P. N. Saxena, L. K. S. Chauhan, S. K. Gupta, Toxicology, 2005, 216, 244-252.

-M. Konuk, R. Liman, I. H. Cigerci, Pakistan J. Bot., 2007, 39, 73-79.

-R. Liman, D. Akyil, Y. Eren, M. Konuk, Chemosphere DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.011, 80(9): 1056-1061, 2010.

-P. L. Webster, R. D. MacLeod, The root apical meristem and its margin. In: Waishel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U, Editors. Plant Roots. The Hidden Half. Second Ed., Marcel Dekker: New York, 1996, 51-76.

-A. Fusconi, O. Repetto, E. Bona, N. Massa, C. Gallo, E. Dumas-Gaudot, G. Berta, Environ. Exp. Bot., 2006, 58, 253-260.

-C. S. Seth, P. K. Chaturvedi, V. Misra, Environ. Toxicol.,2007, 22, 539-549.

-M. Yildiz, I. H. Cigerci, M. Konuk, A. F. Fidan, H. Terzi, Chemosphere, 2009, 75, 934-938.

-T. C. C. Fernandes, D. E. C. Mazzeo, M. A Marin-Morales, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 2007, 88 252-259.

-M. M. Hoshina, Evaluation of a possible contamination of the waters of the ClaroRivermunicipality of Rio Claro, part of the CorumbataíRiver Basin, with the mutagenicity tests using Allium cepa. StateUniversity of São Paulo, Rio Claro, SP (in Portuguese), 2002.

-D. Antonsie-wiez, Analysis of the cell cycle in the root meristem of Allium cepa under the influence of Leda krin. Folia Histochemica and Cytobiologia, 1990, 26, 79-96. AFNOR T 90-014 (1952): Determination of chloride, Assay of Water.

-B. B. Panda, U. K. Sahu, Cytobios, 1985, 42, 147-155.

-A. Gonzalez-Fernandez, J. F. Lopez-Saez, Mutation Research, 1985, 149, 275-281.

-A. I. Dovgalik, T. B. Kaliniiak, B. Blium, Tsitologiia i Genetika, 2001, 35, 3-10.

-AFNOR T 90-014, Determination of chloride, Assay of Water, 1952.

-AFNOR T 90-008, Determination of pH, Assay of Water, 1953.

-AFNOR T 90-009, Determination of sulfate, Assay of Water, 1954.

-AFNOR T 90-005, Determination of magnesium, Assay of Water, 1958.

-AFNOR T 90-022, Determination of orthophosphate, Assay of Water, 1963.

-AFNOR T 90-101, Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD), Assay of Water, 1971.

-AFNOR T 90-103, Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BODn), Assay of Water, 1971.

-AFNOR T 90-105, Determination of suspended solids by filtration, Assay of Water, 1972.

-AFNOR T 90-012, Determination of nitrate, Assay of Water, 1975.

-AFNOR T 90-013, Determination of nitrite, Assay of Water, 1975.

-AFNOR T 90-015, Determination of ammonium, Assay of Water, 1975.

-AFNOR T 90-031, Determination of electrical conductivity, Assay of Water, 1977.

-AFNOR, Determination of sodium, potassium and calcium using Flame spectrophotometry, Assay of Water, 1977.

-AFNOR X 31-151, Determination of métauxlourd, Assay of Water, 1982.

-K. K. Panda, M. Lenka, B. B. Panda, Sci. Total. Environ., 1990, 96, 281-296.

-A. K. Sharma, A. Sharma, Chromosome Techniques-Theory and practice, 3rd ed. London: Butterworth, 1980.

-A. Mukherjee, A. Sharma, Current Science, 1987, 56, 1097-1100.

-A. Mukherjee, A. Sharma, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1988, 37, 433-438.

-M. S. Kong, T. H. Ma, Mutation Research, 1999, 426, 221-228.

-T. H. Ma, Mutation Research, 1999, 426, 97-98.

Downloads

Published

2011-11-19

Issue

Section

Environmental Chemistry